The Fact-checking Observatory is an automatic service that collects misinforming content on Twitter using URLs that have been identified as potential misinformation by fact-checking websites. Using this data, the Fact-checking Observatory automatically generates weekly reports that updates the state of misinformation spread of fact-checked misinformation on Twitter.
This analysis is limited to URLs identified by Fact-checking organisations. The collected data only consist of non-blocked Twitter content and may be incomplete.
This report updates the status of misinformation spread between Monday 26 December 2022 and Monday 02 January 2023.
New:+32 Trend:-97
89,208 Fact-checking Tweets
New:+157 Trend:+5
5,036 Fact-checks
143 Fact-checking Organisations
Key Content and Provenance
During the period between Monday 26 December 2022 and Monday 02 January 2023, 32 new URLs have been identified as potential misinforming content. Out of the 287 domains identified by Fact-checking organisations (Figure 1), most of the new shared URLs were from afp.com with an increase of +74 compared to the previous total spread for the same domain The domain that saw the least increase in spread compared to the previous period total spread was 15min.lt with a change of +0 compared to the previous total spread for the same domain
In relation to the previous week, the domain that saw the biggest relative spread change was afp.com with a change of +42 compared to the previous total spread for the same domain whereas the domain that saw the least relative change was correctiv.org with a change of -49 compared to the previous period.
The all time most important domain is twitter.com with a total of 180,138 URL shares and the least popular domain is 24-post.com with 1 shares (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Domain importance.
Figure 2: Amount of domains shares per week.
The top misinforming content and fact-checking articles shared since the last report are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1: Top misinforming content.
Table 2: Top fact-checked content.
Fact-Checkers and Spreaders Location
The data used for creating the Twitter dataset is obtained from 143 fact-checking organisations.
The largest amount of fact-checked content comes from euvsdisinfo.eu (671 fact-checks) and the least from Verify Sy (1 fact-checks). Most fact-checked content are from VoxCheck (350) followed by LeadStories (255) and AFP fact checking (237) (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Amount of fact-checks by fact-checkers.
Figure 4: Identified location of users spreading fact-checks and misinformation.
Locations and Mentions
Using automatic entity extraction methods, we identify key locations and persons mention in the fact-checking articles in order to identify what location and person are the most discussed in misinforming content.
The top mentioned locations and persons are listed in Table 3 and Table 4.
| Location | Description | Current Week | Previous Week | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U | Country in eastern europe. | 154 | 268 | 165660 |
| E | Third planet from the sun in the solar system. | 21 | 114 | 40755 |
| N | Capital of niger. | 19 | 15 | 13584 |
| S | Sovereign state in northern europe. | 15 | 18 | 38593 |
| M | Capital and most populous city of russia. | 13 | 27 | 21053 |
| G | Federated state of brazil. | 9 | 18 | 14246 |
| R | Sovereign state in eastern europe and northern asia. | 8 | 30 | 16442 |
| C | Municipality of brazil. | 8 | 16 | 11913 |
| P | Metropolis in maharashtra, india. | 7 | 3 | 5726 |
| B | Country in south america. | 6 | 6 | 22115 |
Table 3: Top locations mentioned in misinforming posts.
| Person | Description | Current Week | Previous Week | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | President of russia (1999–2008, 2012–present). | 50 | 68 | 68090 |
| J | President of the united states since 2021. | 40 | 48 | 10344 |
| B | King of thailand (1927-2016). | 23 | 26 | 3844 |
| P | Thai politician, current prime minister of thailand. | 20 | 12 | 4121 |
| A | President of mexico. | 10 | 18 | 13091 |
| D | Ukrainian politician. | 5 | 15 | 2182 |
| H | Ukrainian politician (1931-2013). | 5 | 6 | 2413 |
| E | President of france since 2017. | 3 | 48 | 5858 |
| M | Russian television journalist. | 2 | 15 | 3002 |
| R | Capital of saudi arabia. | 2 | 9 | 2093 |
Table 4: Top people mentioned in misinforming posts.
Demographic Impact
Using automatic methods, Twitter account demographics are extracted for user age, gender and account type (i.e., identify if an account belong to an individual or organisation).
Figure 6 displays how misinformation and fact-checks are spread by different demographics.
Figure 5: Misinformation and Fact-check spread for different demographics. Top: Gender, Center: Age group, Bottom: Account type.
Data Collection and Methodology
The full methodology and information about the limitation and dataset used for this analysis can be accessed in the methodology page.