Between Monday 24 February 2020 and Monday 02 March 2020, misinformation about Other has increasead whereas misinformation about Authorities has reduced.

The Fact-checking Observatory is an automatic service that collects misinforming content on Twitter using URLs that have been identified as potential misinformation by fact-checking websites. Using this data, the Fact-checking Observatory automatically generates weekly reports that updates the state of misinformation spread of fact-checked misinformation on Twitter.

This analysis is limited to URLs identified by Fact-checking organisations. The collected data only consist of non-blocked Twitter content and may be incomplete.

This report updates the status of misinformation spread between Monday 24 February 2020 and Monday 02 March 2020.

33,289 Misinforming Tweets
New:+12,674 Trend:+10,014
3,781 Fact-checking Tweets
New:+639 Trend:+158
16,386 Fact-checks
101 Fact-checking Organisations

Key Content and Topics

During the period between Monday 24 February 2020 and Monday 02 March 2020, 12,674 new URLs have been identified as potential misinforming content. Out of the 8 topics identified by Fact-checking organisations (Figure 1), most of the new shared URLs were about Other with an increase of +10,867 compared to the previous total spread for the same topic. The topic that saw the least increase in spread compared to the previous period total spread was Vaccine with a change of +4 compared to the previous total spread for the same topic.

The topics used for the analysis are obtained from the COVID-19 specific fact-check alliance database and are defined as follows:

  1. Authorities: Information relating to government or authorities communication and general involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., crime, government, aid, lockdown).
  2. Causes: Information about the virus causes and outbreaks (e.g., China, animals).
  3. Conspiracy theories: COVID-19-related conspiracy theories (e.g., 5G, biological weapon).
  4. Cures: Information about potential virus cures (e.g., vaccines, hydroxychloroquine, bleach).
  5. Spread: Information relating to the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., travel, animals).
  6. Symptoms: Information relating to symptoms and symptomatic treatments of COVID-19 (e.g., cough, sore throat).
  7. Vaccines: Information relating to vaccines (e.g., side effects, effectiveness).
  8. Masks: Information concerning the usage of masks.
  9. Other: Any topic that does not fit directly the aforementioned categories.

In relation to the previous week, the topic that saw the biggest relative spread change was Other with a change of +10,371 compared to the previous total spread for the same topic whereas the topic that saw the least relative change was Other with a change of -329 compared to the previous period.

The all time most important topic is Other with a total of 15,131 URL shares and the least popular topic is Vaccine with 40 shares (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Topic Importance.

Figure 2: Amount of topic shares per week.

The top misinforming content and fact-checking articles shared since the last report are listed in Table 1 and Table 2.

Misinforming URL Fact-check URL Topic Current Week Previous Week Total
https://twitter.com/CNN/status/1233406525491814400 PolitiFact Other 8795 0 8795
https://mcmnt.com/vatican-confirms-pope-francis-and-two-aides-test-positive-for-coronavirus/ Rappler Other 573 0 573
https://twitter.com/DonBarbado/status/1232346886083883011 Colombiacheck Other 571 0 571
https://nypost.com/2020/02/22/dont-buy-chinas-story-the-coronavirus-may-have-leaked-from-a-lab/ Science Feedback Conspiracy Theory 454 592 1046
https://twitter.com/lTfC8qI4PATLiaC/status/1231587327354363905 BuzzFeed Japan Other 372 50 422
https://cerebrother.com/en-cuarentena-un-puticlub-con-86-clientes-tras-el-positivo-en-coronavirus-de-una-prostituta/ Maldita.es Other 319 0 319
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00548-w Maldita.es Causes 195 0 195
https://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2020/02/24/overhyped-coronavirus-weaponized-against-trump/ PolitiFact Symptoms 187 0 187
https://twitter.com/Santi_ABASCAL/status/1232244153670676480 Maldita.es Authorities 179 0 179
https://www.news-postseven.com/archives/20200221_1543357.html INFACT Authorities 122 386 508

Table 1: Top misinforming content.

Fact-check URL Topic Current Week Previous Week Total
https://infact.press/2020/03/post-5006/ Authorities 46 0 46
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/feb/27/rush-limbaugh/fact-checking-rush-limbaughs-misleading-claim-new-/ Symptoms 43 0 43
https://www.factcheck.org/2020/02/no-link-between-harvard-scientist-charles-lieber-and-coronavirus/ Conspiracy Theory 29 22 51
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/feb/27/facebook-posts/no-cdc-isnt-recommending-men-shave-their-beard-pro/ Other 29 0 29
https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2020/02/28/non-les-autorites-sanitaires-ne-recommandent-pas-de-se-raser-la-barbe-pour-lutter-contre-le-coronavirus_6031245_4355770.html Other 27 0 27
https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/harunayamazaki/toiletpaper-corona Other 25 0 25
https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/feb/26/viral-image/book-end-days-described-illness-2020-not-wuhan-400/ Conspiracy Theory 25 0 25
https://maldita.es/malditobulo/2020/02/27/puticlub-coronavirus-cuarentena/ Other 18 0 18
https://www.factcheck.org/2020/02/fake-coronavirus-cures-part-3-vitamin-c-isnt-a-shield/ Cure 17 4 31
https://maldita.es/malditobulo/libro-1981-predijo-coronavirus/ Conspiracy Theory 17 0 17

Table 2: Top fact-checked content.

Fact-checking

The data used for creating the Twitter dataset is obtained from the Poynter Coronavirus Fact Alliance. The alliance consists of 101 fact-checking organisation based in 1000 countries and covering 46 languages.

The largest amount of fact-checked content comes from English (8,706 fact-checks) and the least is Finland (1 fact-checks). Most fact-checked content is in Spanish (4,577) followed by Portuguese (2,801) and Ukrainian (2,073) (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Amount of fact-checks by language.

Figure 4: Amount of fact-checked content per contry.

Determining a direct impact of fact-checking on the spread of misinformation is not easy. However, it is possible to determine how well a particular corrective information is spreading in relation to its corresponding misinformation.

Figure 5 shows how misinformation and fact-checking content has spread in various topics for the last two analysis periods and overall.

Figure 5: Topical misinformation and fact-checks spread.

Demographic Impact

Using automatic methods, Twitter account demographics are extracted for user age, gender and account type (i.e., identify if an account belong to an individual or organisation).

Figure 6 displays how misinformation and fact-checks are spread by different demographics.

Figure 6: Misinformation and Fact-check spread for different demographics. Top: Gender, Center: Age group, Bottom: Account type.

Data Collection and Methodology

The full methodology and information about the limitation and dataset used for this analysis can be accessed in the methodology page.